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Third Term Social Studies Lesson Note for JSS2

ACCESS ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

ACCESS WAEC QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

JSS 2 SOCIAL STUDIES THIRD TERM E-NOTE

Ø SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY 1

Ø SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY 2

Ø SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY 3

Ø SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY 4

Ø ASSERTIVENESS 1

Ø NATIONAL ECONOMY 1

Ø NATIONAL ECONOMY 2

Ø NATIONAL ECONOMY 3

Ø FINDING HELP

Week 2

Topic: Science, Technology and the Society 1

Outline:

Meaning of Science and Technology
Importance of Science and Technology

Meaning of Science and Technology

Science and technology is a topic that encompasses science, technology, and the interactions between the two. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of explanations and predictions about nature and the universe. Technology is the collection of techniques, methods or processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation, or any other consumer demands.

Science may drive technological development, by generating demand for new instruments to address a scientific question, or by illustrating technical possibilities previously unconsidered. In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation, by creating demand for technological improvements that can only be produced through research, and by raising questions about the underlying principles that a new technology relies on.

For the majority of human history, technological improvements were achieved by chance, trial and error, or spontaneous inspiration. When the modern scientific enterprise matured in the Enlightenment, it primarily concerned itself with basic questions of nature. Research and development directed towards immediate technical application is a relatively recent occurrence, arising with the Industrial Revolution and becoming commonplace in the 20th century.

Importance of Science and Technology

Today, we cannot expect our life without science and technology revolving around it every single second! Science and technology are extremely essential in our everyday life as they have made things more simple, fast and secured.

Science and technology are both closely related terms. Scientific studies & progress result into wonderful technologies! Science and technologies are not only subjects. Rather, they are the means that provide us with ways and objects that help us live a better life!

While science is the study of entire universe from the cellular level to the highest level, technology is the application arising from science! Hence, we need both of them in our life.

While science involves explanation, phenomenon, analysis and predictions on various subjects, technology is something that simplifies all these things. For instance, computers help scientists by storing big data, analyzing and organizing it. Thus, science works better and keep progressing when technology keeps on supporting it

Importance of Science & Technology in our Daily Life

Almost everything that we see around us is the gift of science and technology. Be it the smart-phones, fan, wheel, vehicles, cloth, paper, toothbrush, electricity, microwave, vehicles, radio, television, laptops, etc., everything is the result of science and technology. Let us glance through the importance of science & technology in detail:

It helps us save time & money – Various contributions of science and technology have helped us save time and money. While science has given us the knowledge why baked or steam- cooked food is better than the fried or oily food, technology has gifted us with microwave and steam-cookers that help us bake and steam cook our food. Various objects and devices like computers, modes of transport, washing machines or just anything else help us save our time and money.

Education – Science & technology have made significant contribution in the education field as well. Science has given us immense knowledge and therefore, we have got important matter to study. Technology has made education itself easier. It has provided us options like smart classes, multimedia devices, e-libraries, e-books, etc.

Internet – Information technology, including internet, is an excellent gift of technology. With the help of internet, we do not only get immense knowledge on science and other subjects, but we also get to stay connected with our friends and family, continuously.

Provides us devices for comfortable sleeping, quick cooking and fast commute– In short, science and technology have made our life easier. With the help of objects like A.C, microwave, and vehicles, science and technology have made our sleeping, cooking and commute process easier and faster, respectively!

It helps us live a better life – While science has made significant contributions in health by providing treatment for various chronic diseases, technology has benefited us in receiving those treatments through various ways and devices like X-ray, scan machines, operation devices, pacemaker and much more! We are also blessed with numerous exercising equipment, various health apps, online doctor and other things that help us maintain good health and life.

Conclusion: Undoubtedly, science and technology have made our life easier and faster. We should always hope, make an effort and ensure that the inventions and discoveries in these fields are always used for the benefit of entire human race! Henceforth, with the help of science and technology, let’s make world a better place, for you, me & the entire human race!

Assessment

Mention four importance of science and technology

Week 3

Topic: Science, Technology and the Society 2

Outline:

Types of traditional science and technology
Some traditional science and technologies influenced by modernization

Before the advent of the modern science and technology, people who lived in the traditional societies had their own science and technology. For instance, these people engaged in gathering of fruits by wandering in the bush and even hunting for animals using clubs, arrows, and stone s and later dane guns and catapult. Initially, they ate the animals killed raw but later with the discovery of fire through the scratching of stone with stone they started cooking their food through the use of fire. They engaged in the domestication of animals through fringe range, cultivation of crops by the use of “crude” implements such as hoes, cutlasses etc. and in fact, they engaged in preventive and curative medication through the use of herbs. MODULE 4 Social Studies and the Concepts of Science & Technology (PDE 115) 81 Therefore, in the tool making, building construction, pottery, fire lighting, bronze casting, iron smelting, sculpture, basket weaving, leathery, black-smithing, mat weaving among others are the products of traditional science and technology, most especially in African societies and particularly in traditional Nigeria society. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Modern science and technology was developed from the traditional science and technology as a result of the recognition that the cultural world around the man today is based mostly on the application of the scientific knowledge, that is, technology. More so, science has become less visible and yet to obtain a new technological literate society, there is need for people to receive a more relevant grounding in science. This grounding involves the new technology that surrounds them and in addition, the issues and conflicts that are related to the use of that new technology in the society. This leads to the development of the science related to that technology and to an informed opinion on the likely benefits and problems of promoting various technologies. It also leads to recognition of problems, of considerations of how to solve problems and an ability to make decisions based on sound judgment. In the development of modern science and technology, emphasis is laid on responsible decision-making concerning any issue in the real world of the learner whereby the learner considers the following: (a) Is it a problem? (b) How did it become a problem? (c) What are some alternative approaches to its solutions? (d) What are the potential effects of applying the alternatives on individuals and/or society? Solutions to such questions are necessary because of the role modern science and technology are playing in the environment and the need to combat the very negative ideas about science and technology because of issues such as pollution, social concerns and fears. Furthermore, the modern science and technology, creates a techno-scientific awareness in individuals concerned in the society in which they live. Thus, they develop the ability to think or analyse situations I the society critically and resolve them effective by techno scientific strategies. Moreover, the development of modern science and technology is to inculcate in the citizenry the abilities to: (i) use concepts from science and technology and ethical values in the solving everyday problems and making responsible decisions in everyday life, including work and leisure; (ii) defend decisions and actions using rational arguments based on evidence; (iii) distinguish between scientific evidence and personal opinion and between reliable and unreliable information. MODULE 4 Social Studies and the Concepts of Science & Technology (PDE 115) 82 (iv) engage in responsible personal and civic actions after weighing the possible consequences of alternative options. (v) locate, collect, analyse and evaluate sources of scientific and technological information. (vi) use these sources in solving problems, making decisions and taking actions. (vii) offer explanations of natural phenomena which may be tested for their validity. (viii) value scientific research and technology problem solving. (ix) Remain open to new evidence and the tentativeness of scientific knowledge. (Yager 1992).

However, the scope of modern science and technology involves:

• Biology • Agriculture

• Astronomy • Automation and Computer

• Chemistry • Biotechnology

• Geology • Chemical technology

• Physics • Communication

• Construction

• Military

• Power and Fuel

• Space

• Transportation

By and large, the development of modern science and technology has contributed immensely to the following global issues: armament, nuclear proliferation, global warming, toxic waste management, cloning and information technology. These issues have both positive and negative impact on mankind.

Assessment

Mention five scopes of modern science and technology you know

Week 4

Topic: Science, Technology and the Society 3

Outline:

Meaning and uses of home appliances
Danger of wrong use of home appliances

Meaning and uses of home appliances:

Science, technology and society studies, or science and technology studies(both abbreviated STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

Home appliances are devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking e.g. the vacuum cleaner, the washing machine, and other household appliances. Home appliances are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions, such as cooling/heating, cooking or cleaning.

Home appliances can be divided into three classifications, which include:

Major appliances, or white goods
Small appliances,
Consumer electronics, or brown goods in regions with UK influence

This division is also noticeable in the maintenance and repair of these kinds of products. Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills (which get more complex with time, such as going from a soldering iron to a hot-air soldering station), while white goods may need more practical skills and force to manipulate the devices and heavy tools required to repair them.

This is a list of home appliances. A home appliance is an electrical/mechanical machine which accomplish some household functions, such as cooking or cleaning.

Air conditioner
Evaporative cooler
Air ioniser
Air purifier
Appliance plug
Aroma lamp
Attic fan
Automatic Rotimaker
Bachelor griller
Back boiler
Beverage opener
Blender
Box mangle
Can opener
Ceiling fan
Central vacuum cleaner
Clothes dryer
Clothes iron
Cold-pressed juicer
Combo washer dryer
Dehumidifier

Danger of wrong use of home appliances

Appliances serve many purposes within the modern home, and help homeowners complete a wide range of tiresome tasks. Some appliances, however, can become hazards if they are improperly installed or maintained. The most common appliance dangers are fire, electric shock and gas emissions. Learning about how appliances work and what dangers they may pose can help keep you safe while still enjoying their benefits.

Fire

Fire is a real danger in any household. If not caught quickly, it can destroy a house and even endanger nearby houses. Improperly wired appliances can cause shorts and sparks that lead to fire. Although these problems usually cause a fuse to blow or breaker to trip, in some situations this will not prevent a fire. Space heaters present another fire threat. Electric or gas space heaters can ignite any flammable items left too close to them. Keep space heaters at least three 3 feet away from boxes, clothing, drapes, paper, or anything else that could burn, and never leave space heaters running in an unoccupied room.

Electric Shock

Any appliance that uses electricity can deliver a dangerous or even fatal shock. This is most likely with appliances that feature exposed heating coils such as space heaters and toasters. Any electric appliance with a worn or broken cord also can deliver a shock. Check cords periodically for damage, and never let pets or children chew on or play with them. Never stick a knife or implement into a toaster without unplugging it first. Particularly if there are children in the household, unplug appliances that are not used for long periods, and put caps onto unused outlets.

Carbon Monoxide

Appliances that emit gas can release dangerous carbon monoxide if they are not properly vented. Appliances that may present this danger include furnaces, gas space heaters, clothes dryers, gas fireplaces and generators. Vent any of these appliances properly, and periodically inspect their vents to ensure they are unobstructed and working properly. Without effective venting, carbon monoxide can build up inside a home and potentially kill those inside. Your home should also be equipped with a carbon monoxide alarm that will alert you to dangerous levels of this potentially lethal gas.

Assessment

Define the following terms briefly; science and technology and Home appliances.
List three dangers of wrong use of appliances

Week 5

Topic: Science, Technology and the Society 4

Outline:

Breakdown of appliances
Correct ways of using appliances

Breakdown of appliances

Occasional disturbances in the electricity network are inevitable. They can happen because of breakdowns in the line, planned outages or events beyond our control, such as thunderstorms.

1. Overvoltage

Overvoltage can be caused by:

lightning striking a house, a power line or an area nearby;
the switching on or off of power lines or substations.

Overvoltage causes most damage to the power units of electrical appliances such as televisions, set top boxes or computers. A damaged power unit can sometimes also damage the appliance connected to it. Areas with regular thunderstorms or with a lot of overhead lines are at greater risk of overvoltage. Although our electricity system has surge protection devices installed, they do not always protect against lightning strikes. Lightning creates an electrical field that is very powerful and can cause overvoltage in power lines even if it does not strike the line directly.

For protection from overvoltage we recommend:

type 3 surge protection devices, which need to be installed directly before the appliance, or sockets with pre-installed protectors for extra sensitive electronic appliances no matter where your place of consumption is.
type 1 and type 2 surge protection devices or a type 1+2 combined protection device in the junction boxes of houses, especially houses in the riskier areas.

2. Voltage dips and fluctuations

Voltage dips and fluctuations can be caused by:

the switching on or off of power lines or substations;
breakdowns in power lines caused by trees falling on the lines, icing or similar events;
the start-up of powerful electric motors.

Voltage dips and fluctuations can particularly cause damage to sensitive electrical and electronic appliances and their power units. If lights are constantly flickering it can minimise the service life of the bulbs and make it harder to see clearly. Voltage dips and fluctuations are more common in urban and rural buildings near large industrial and production plants and factories.