Third Term Agric Science Lesson Note for JSS1
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WEEK 1
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
LAND
Definition: Land refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops, rearing of animals and establishment of farmstead, etc, are carried out.
Features of Land
(i) Land is one of the factors of production.
(ii) Land is the gift of nature or a natural resource.
(iii) It is immobile and a fixed factor.
(iv) It is subject to the law of diminishing returns.
(v) Land also includes soil, mineral, water and vegetation.
(vi) The reward for land is rent collected from tenants.
(vii) Availability is subject to the Land Use Act in Nigeria.
(viii) It can be used as a collateral for loans.
(ix) It is limited in supply especially in highly populated areas.
(x) Its suitability influences output.
(xi) Its quality can be improved by various methods.
(xii) Its value is determined by its location.
(xiii) Land can appreciate or depreciated.
Importance of Land in an Agricultural Enterprise
(i) Land is used for the cultivation of food crops such as maize, rice, cowpea, etc.
(ii) It is also used for the cultivation of cash crops, e.g., cocoa, rubber, oil palm, etc.
(iii) It is used for the rearing of animals.
(iv) It is used for forest development.
(v) It is used for fish pond development.
(vi) It is used for wildlife conservation
(vii) Land is used as collateral for securing loans from banks.
Questions,1What is land,?
2.State five features of land
3.The reward of land is …….
WEEK2
LABOUR
Definition: Labour includes all forms of productive human efforts put into or utilized in production. It also refers to man’s mental and physical exertions generated in the process of production.
Features of Labour
(i) Labour is also one of the factors of production
(ii) Human efforts can be intellectual or mental, manual or physical, provided it is directed towards the production of goods and services.
(iii) Labour is mobile and has feelings and cannot be used anyhow.
(iv) Labour exists in three kinds; these are:
(a) Skilled Labour (White Collar Jobs): highly educated and technical to provide the expertise for farm operations.
(b) Semi-skilled Labour: Averagely educated to perform simple farm operations.
(c) Unskilled Labour: (Brown Collar Jobs) These are illiterates that provide
(v) The unit of labour is man-hours or man-days.
(vi) The reward for labour is wages and salaries.
(vii) It converts natural resources into usable products.
(viii) It is a variable asset.
(ix) Its size and quality influence production or output.
(x) Its output can be improved by training.
Forms of Labour available to the farmer include:
(a) Family Labour
(i) This refers to the labour provided by the man, his wife and children, i.e, the farmer’s family).
(ii) It involves the head of the family as the operator/manager.
(iii) He organizes the family labour by himself.
(iv) He assigns job to each member of the family.
(v) This is the major source of labour available to the farmer and it is very cheap.
(b) Personal Labour: This is the labour provided by the owner of the farm.
(c) Communal Labour: This is the kind of labour provided by neighbours and the community.
(d) Hired or Paid Labour
(i) This is the kind of labour that is paid either daily or they receive salary at the end of the month.
(ii) It is common where a farmer has large farm size.
(iii) Hired labour is engage either in a permanent or time-rated basis.
(iv) The farmer pays for each labour.
(v) It is not readily available; hence, expensive.
Importance of Labour in Agricultural Enterprise
(i) It uses other factors for production.
(ii) Intellectual labour ensures high agricultural production.
(iii) Skilled labour provides the expertise required for major farm operation.
(iv) Labour ensures the success of any agricultural enterprise.
(v) It provides the services required to achieve the various stages of agricultural production.
Question,1.What is labour?
2.State five features of labour.
3.What is skilled labour,
WEEK 3
CAPITAL
Definition: Capital includes all man-made productive assets which are used in production. In other words, these are assets made by man to enable him to produce goods and services.
Features of Capital
(i) Capital is also a factor of production.
(ii) Examples of capital include, hoe, cutlass, tractor, farm building, cash in hand, plough, etc.
(iii) It can depreciate or appreciate.
(iv) Sources of capital include personal savings, banks, government agencies, cooperative societies, etc.
(v) The reward for capital is interest.
(vi) It is a stock of assets used in production.
(vii) It is used to purchase farm inputs, e.g., seeds, agro-chemicals used as working capital.
(viii) It is used to acquire other factors, e.g., land and labour.
(ix) It is obtained in form of loans or subsidies.
(x) Capital is grouped into two classes:
(a) Fixed Capital: These are capital or assets purchased for continuous use in production. In other words, these are items or materials which are not uses up during production. Examples of fixed capital include: farm building, motor vehicles, farm tools and implements, land furniture and fittings, incubators, ploughs, harrows, tractors, milking machines, feeders, drinkers, hoes, irrigation equipment, etc.
(b) Working or Variable Capital: These are capital or assets which are used up during the process of production. Examples include: water, feeds, drugs, cash in hand, vaccines, litters, fertilizers, seeds, chemicals, etc.
Importance of Capital in Agricultural Enterprise
(i) Working capital is used in the day–to-day running of the farm enterprise.
(ii) Working capital is used for paying wages.
(iii) Working capital is used for the purchase of farm inputs, maintenance services on the farm, and feeding of livestock, etc.
(iv) Fixed capital in form of immovable houses and farmsteads provide shelter for farm operations.
(v) Fixed capital in form of machinery provides farm power for farm operations.
(vi) Fixed capital is used to generate more funds and the success of farm enterprises usually depends on the maximum use of these capital assets.
(vii) Working capital helps to facilitate farm expansion or increase in farm size.
(viii) Capital is used to establish farm enterprise.
Questions1,What is capital.
2.State two types of capital.
3.State five features of capital.
WEEK 4-5.
MANAGEMENT OR ENTREPRENEUR
Management refers to the person or group of persons who co-ordinate, organize and control the use of other factors of production. In other words, the person(s) who combine other factors of production (land, labour and capital) to produce goods and services is called the entrepreneur or management. Management determines when to produce, what to produce, type of production, supervises work, recruits workers, determine what to sell in order to make profit. The profitability of the farm depends on the management.
Features of Management
(i) It involves the management skills of an individual or group of persons.
(ii) Management influences the organization of other production factors.
(iii) It 7co-ordinates and controls other factors of production.
(iv) It is involved in decision making.
(v) It determines the level of pay or wages.
(vi) Management reward is profit.
(vii) The quality of management influences the output.
(viii) The cost of management is determined by its quality.
In agriculture, the farm manager is usually regarded as the entrepreneur whose duties include the organization, administration, production and marketing of produce from the farm. The reward for management is profit.
Questions1.What is management?
2,List five features of management,
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